Amakuru ku nganda: Gupakira bigezweho byafashe umwanya wa mbere

Impinduka mu nganda za semiconductor zirimo kwihuta, kandi gupakira ku rwego rwo hejuru ntibikiri igitekerezo gusa. Umusesenguzi w’icyamamare Lu Xingzhi yavuze ko niba ibikorwa bigezweho ari byo biyobora ingufu mu gihe cya silikoni, gupakira ku rwego rwo hejuru birimo kuba igihome cy’inganji y’ikoranabuhanga itaha.

Mu nyandiko yanditse kuri Facebook, Lu yagaragaje ko mu myaka icumi ishize, iyi nzira yasobanuwe nabi ndetse inarengagizwa. Ariko, muri iki gihe, yahindutse bucece kuva kuri "Gahunda B itari iy'ingenzi" ikajya kuri "Gahunda A y'ingenzi."

Kuba haravutse uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bugezweho nk'igihome cy'umupaka w'ubwami bukurikira bw'ikoranabuhanga si impanuka; ni umusaruro utazibagirana w'imbaraga eshatu zitwara ibintu.

Imbaraga ya mbere itera imbaraga ni ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'ingufu za mudasobwa, ariko iterambere mu mikorere ryaragabanutse. Udupira tugomba gucibwa, gukubitwa, no kongera gushyirwaho. Lu yavuze ko kuba ushobora kugera kuri 5nm bitavuze ko ushobora gushyiramo imbaraga za mudasobwa inshuro 20. Imipaka ya photomask igabanya ubuso bwa utwo dupira, kandi utwo dupira ni two twonyine dushobora kurenga iyi mbogamizi, nk'uko bigaragara kuri Blackwell ya Nvidia.

Ingufu ya kabiri ni porogaramu zitandukanye; utumashini ntabwo tugikwiranye n’ubwoko bumwe. Imiterere ya sisitemu irimo igana ku buryo bwo gukora modularization. Lu yavuze ko igihe cyo gukoresha utumashini tubiri (chip) kimwe mu gutunganya porogaramu zose cyarangiye. Amahugurwa ya AI, gufata ibyemezo byigenga, gukoresha mudasobwa mu buryo bwa edge computing, ibikoresho bya AR—buri porogaramu isaba uruvange rutandukanye rwa silikoni. Gupakira bigezweho hamwe na Chiplets bitanga igisubizo kiringaniye cyo koroshya no kunoza imiterere y’ibikoresho.

Impamvu ya gatatu itera imbere ni ibiciro bizamuka cyane byo gutwara amakuru, aho ikoreshwa ry'ingufu riba imbogamizi nyamukuru. Muri chips za AI, ingufu zikoreshwa mu kohereza amakuru akenshi zirenze izo mu kubara. Intera iri mu gupakira bisanzwe yabaye imbogamizi ku mikorere. Gupakira bigezweho byongera iyi logique: kwegereza amakuru bituma bishoboka kugera kure.

Gupakira mu buryo bugezweho: Iterambere ritangaje

Nk’uko raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’ubujyanama cya Yole Group muri Nyakanga umwaka ushize, ishingiye ku miterere ya HPC na AI ibyara umusaruro, inganda zikora umwuga wo gupakira zitezweho kugera ku gipimo cy’izamuka ry’ubukungu ku mwaka (CAGR) cya 12.9% mu myaka itandatu iri imbere. By’umwihariko, amafaranga yinjira muri uru ruganda ateganijwe kwiyongera kuva kuri miliyari 39.2 z’amadolari mu 2023 akagera kuri miliyari 81.1 z’amadolari mu 2029 (hafi miliyari 589.73 z’amadolari ya Amerika).

Ibigo bikomeye mu nganda, birimo TSMC, Intel, Samsung, ASE, Amkor, na JCET, birimo gushora imari nyinshi mu bikoresho byo gupakira ibikoresho bigezweho, aho biteganijwe ko bizashora imari ingana na miliyari 11.5 z'amadolari mu bucuruzi bwabyo bwo gupakira ibikoresho bigezweho mu 2024.

Nta gushidikanya ko ubuhanga bw’ubukorano buzana imbaraga nshya mu nganda zikora ibikoresho byo gupakira. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gupakira rishobora kandi gushyigikira iterambere ry’inzego zitandukanye, harimo ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n’abaguzi, mudasobwa zikora neza, kubika amakuru, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bikoresha imodoka, n’itumanaho.

Dukurikije imibare y’iyi sosiyete, amafaranga yinjira mu gupakira ibikoresho bigezweho mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2024 yageze kuri miliyari 10.2 z’amadolari y’Amerika (hafi miliyari 74.17 z’amanyarwanda), agaragaza ko yagabanutseho 8.1% mu gihembwe, ahanini bitewe n’ibihe by’izuba. Ariko, iyi mibare iracyari hejuru ugereranyije n’igihe nk’icyo mu 2023. Mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2024, amafaranga yinjira mu gupakira ibikoresho bigezweho yitezwe kuzamukaho 4.6%, akagera kuri miliyari 10.7 z’amadolari y’Amerika (hafi miliyari 77.81 z’amanyarwanda).