Mu gice cy’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, bamwe mu bapfumu bahindura umucanga mo disiki za silicon crystal zikozwe neza za diyama, zikaba ari ingenzi ku ruhererekane rwose rw’ibikoresho bya semiconductor. Ni bimwe mu bigize uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bya semiconductor byongera agaciro ka "silicone sand" inshuro hafi igihumbi. Umucyo muto ubona ku mucanga ni silicone. Silicon ni kristu ikomeye ifite ububobere n’icyuma gikomeye (imiterere y’icyuma n’idafite icyuma). Silicon iri hose.
Silikoni ni yo ikoreshwa ku bintu byinshi ku Isi, nyuma ya ogisijeni, ikaba n'iya karindwi mu bikoresho byinshi mu isanzure. Silikoni ni semiconductor, bivuze ko ifite imiterere y'amashanyarazi hagati y'ibyuma biyobora (nk'umuringa) n'ibyuma bikingira (nk'ikirahure). Atome nke z'amahanga mu miterere ya silikoni zishobora guhindura imikorere yayo, bityo ubuziranenge bwa silikoni yo mu rwego rwa semiconductor bugomba kuba buri hejuru cyane. Ubuziranenge buke bwemewe kuri silikoni yo mu rwego rwa elegitoroniki ni 99.999999%.
Ibi bivuze ko atome imwe gusa itari silicon yemerewe kuri buri atome miliyari icumi. Amazi meza yo kunywa yemerera molekile miliyoni 40 zitari amazi, ari na zo zifite ubuziranenge buciriritse inshuro miliyoni 50 ugereranyije na silicon yo mu rwego rwa semiconductor.
Abakora utwuma twa silikoni tudafite ibara bagomba guhindura silikoni isukuye cyane bakayihindura imiterere myiza ya kristale imwe. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu gushyiramo kristale imwe muri silikoni ishongeshejwe ku bushyuhe bukwiye. Uko kristu nshya zitangira gukura zikikije kristu, ingot ya silikoni ikora buhoro buhoro iva kuri silikoni ishongeshejwe. Igikorwa gikora buhoro kandi gishobora gufata icyumweru. Ingot ya silikoni irangiye ipima ibiro bigera ku 100 kandi ishobora gukora wafer zirenga 3.000.
Uduce twa wafer ducibwamo uduce duto dukoresheje insinga nziza cyane ya diyama. Uburyo ibikoresho byo gukata silicon bifite ubuhanga buri hejuru cyane, kandi ababikora bagomba gukurikiranwa buri gihe, bitabaye ibyo bazatangira gukoresha ibikoresho kugira ngo bakore ibintu bisekeje ku musatsi wabo. Incamake y'ikorwa rya wafer za silicon iroroshye cyane kandi ntiyemera neza uruhare rw'abahanga; ariko byiringirwa ko bizatanga inkomoko yo gusobanukirwa byimbitse ubucuruzi bwa wafer za silicon.
Isano y'ibicuruzwa bya silikoni n'ibikenewe
Isoko rya silicon wafer rigizwe n'ibigo bine. Hashize igihe kinini isoko riri mu buringanire bwiza hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe.
Igabanuka ry’igurishwa ry’ibikoresho bya semiconductor mu 2023 ryatumye isoko rigera mu mimerere yo gucukurwa cyane, bituma ibikoresho by’imbere n’ibyo hanze by’abakora chips biba byinshi. Ariko, ibi ni ibintu by’igihe gito gusa. Uko isoko rigenda risubira inyuma, inganda zizasubira ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi zigomba guhaza ibyifuzo by’inyongera byazanywe n’impinduramatwara ya AI. Impinduka kuva ku miterere gakondo ishingiye kuri CPU ikajya ku mikoreshereze yihuta ya mudasobwa bizagira ingaruka ku nganda zose, kuko Icyakora, ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bice by’inganda za semiconductor bifite agaciro gake.
Imiterere y'Ishami rishinzwe Gutunganya Amashusho (GPU) isaba ubuso bwa silikoni bwinshi
Uko icyifuzo cy’imikorere kigenda cyiyongera, abakora GPU bagomba kurenga imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe mu miterere kugira ngo bagere ku musaruro mwiza uturutse kuri GPU. Birumvikana ko gutuma chip iba nini ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kugera ku musaruro mwiza, kuko electron zidakunda gukora intera ndende hagati y’udupira dutandukanye, ibyo bikaba bigabanya imikorere. Ariko, hari imbogamizi ifatika mu gutuma chip iba nini, izwi nka "retina limit".
Umupaka wa lithography yerekeza ku bunini ntarengwa bwa chip ishobora gushyirwa ahagaragara mu ntambwe imwe mu mashini ya lithography ikoreshwa mu nganda za semiconductor. Iyi nzitizi igenwa n'ingano ntarengwa ya rukuruzi y'ibikoresho bya lithography, cyane cyane stepper cyangwa scanner ikoreshwa mu nzira ya lithography. Ku bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, umupaka wa mask ubusanzwe ni milimetero kare 858. Iyi nzitizi y'ingano ni ingenzi cyane kuko igena ubuso ntarengwa bushobora gushyirwa kuri wafer mu gihe cyo kuyigaragaza rimwe. Niba wafer ari nini kurusha iyi nzitizi, hazakenerwa uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyigaragaza neza, ibyo bikaba bidashoboka mu gukora ibintu byinshi bitewe n'ingorane zo kuyihuza no kuyihuza. GB200 nshya izatsinda iyi nzitizi ihuza ibice bibiri bya chip hamwe n'ingano y'ibice mu gice cya silicon, igakora substrate ifite imipaka myinshi ingana inshuro ebyiri. Izindi mbogamizi z'imikorere ni ingano ya memory n'intera kuri iyo memory (ni ukuvuga bandwidth ya memory). Imiterere mishya ya GPU ikemura iki kibazo ikoresheje stacked high-bandwidth memory (HBM) ishyirwa kuri silicon interposer imwe hamwe na chips ebyiri za GPU. Ukurikije silicon, ikibazo cya HBM ni uko buri gace ka silikoni gakubye kabiri ako DRAM gakondo bitewe n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha bandwidth nyinshi. HBM kandi ishyiramo chip ya logic control muri buri gice, yongera agace ka silikoni. Ibarura ryimbitse ryerekana ko agace ka silikoni gakoreshwa mu miterere ya GPU ya 2.5D gakubye inshuro 2.5 kugeza kuri 3 ako mu miterere ya 2.0D gakondo. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, keretse amasosiyete akora ubwubatsi yiteguye iyi mpinduka, ubushobozi bwa silikoni bushobora kongera kuba buto cyane.
Ubushobozi bw'isoko rya silikoni mu gihe kizaza
Itegeko rya mbere mu mategeko atatu agenga inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor ni uko amafaranga menshi agomba gushorwa mu gihe hari amafaranga make cyane. Ibi biterwa n’uko inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor zikora ibintu bitandukanye, kandi ibigo bya semiconductor bigorwa no gukurikiza iri tegeko. Nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho, abakora ibikoresho bya silicon wafer benshi babonye ingaruka z’iyi mpinduka kandi bakubye hafi inshuro eshatu amafaranga yose bakoresha mu gihembwe mu bihembwe bike bishize. Nubwo isoko rigoye, ibi biracyari uko biri. Igishimishije kurushaho ni uko iyi ngeso imaze igihe kirekire. Ibigo bya silicon wafer bifite amahirwe cyangwa hari icyo bizi abandi batazi. Uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bya semiconductor ni imashini ikoresha igihe ishobora guhanura ahazaza. Ahazaza hawe hashobora kuba ari amateka y’undi muntu. Nubwo tudahora tubona ibisubizo, hafi ya buri gihe tubona ibibazo by’ingirakamaro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-17-2024