Kuza kw'iyi chip byahinduye inzira y'iterambere rya chip!
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 1970, poroseseri za 8-bit zari zikiri ikoranabuhanga rigezweho cyane icyo gihe, kandi poroseseri za CMOS zari zifite ikibazo mu rwego rwa semiconductor. Injeniyeri zo muri AT&T Bell Labs zateye intambwe ikomeye mu gihe kizaza, zihuza inzira zigezweho zo gukora CMOS za mikoroni 3.5 n'imiterere mishya ya poroseseri za 32-bit mu rwego rwo kurusha izindi mu bahanganye mu mikorere ya chip, zirusha IBM na Intel.
Nubwo ubuvumbuzi bwabo, Bellmac-32 microprocessor, bwananiwe kugera ku ntsinzi mu bucuruzi bw'ibicuruzwa bya kera nka Intel 4004 (yasohotse mu 1971), ingaruka zabwo zari zikomeye. Muri iki gihe, uduce duto cyane muri telefoni zigendanwa hafi ya zose, mudasobwa zigendanwa, na tableti bishingiye ku mahame ya CMOS y’ibikoresho bya metal-oxide (CMOS) byatangijwe na Bellmac-32.
Imyaka ya za 1980 yari yegereje, kandi AT&T yari irimo kugerageza guhinduka. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ikigo gikomeye cy’itumanaho cyitwaga "Mother Bell" cyari cyiganje mu bucuruzi bw’itumanaho ry’amajwi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kandi ishami ryayo rya Western Electric ryakoraga telefoni hafi ya zose zisanzwe mu ngo no mu biro by’Abanyamerika. Guverinoma ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yasabye ko ubucuruzi bwa AT&T busenyuka ku mpamvu zo kurwanya uburiganya, ariko AT&T yabonye amahirwe yo kwinjira mu ishami rya mudasobwa.
Kubera ko amasosiyete ya mudasobwa yamaze gushinga imizi ku isoko, AT&T byayigoye kugera ku ntego zayo; ingamba zayo zari ukurenza urugero, kandi Bellmac-32 niyo yari isoko ryayo.
Umuryango wa Bellmac-32 chips wahawe igihembo cya IEEE Milestone Award. Ibirori byo kumurika filime bizabera muri uyu mwaka muri Nokia Bell Labs campus i Murray Hill, muri New Jersey, no mu nzu ndangamurage y’amateka ya mudasobwa i Mountain View, muri California.
CHIP IDASANZWE
Aho gukurikiza amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda ya chips za 8-bit, abayobozi ba AT&T bashishikarije injeniyeri za Bell Labs gukora umusaruro udasanzwe: microprocessor ya mbere y’ubucuruzi ishobora kohereza bits 32 z’amakuru mu gihe cy’isaha imwe. Ibi ntibyasabaga chip nshya gusa ahubwo byasabaga n’imiterere mishya—ishobora gucunga ihindagurika ry’itumanaho no kuba inkingi y’ishingiro rya sisitemu za mudasobwa z’ejo hazaza.
"Ntabwo turimo kubaka chip yihuta gusa," ibi byavuzwe na Michael Condry, uyobora itsinda ry’ubwubatsi muri Bell Labs' Holmdel, New Jersey. "Turimo kugerageza gushushanya chip ishobora gushyigikira ijwi n'ikoreshwa ry'amajwi."
Icyo gihe, ikoranabuhanga rya CMOS ryafatwaga nk'uburyo bwiza ariko buteje akaga kuruta imiterere ya NMOS na PMOS. Udupira twa NMOS twishingikirizaga gusa kuri transistors zo mu bwoko bwa N, zari zihuta ariko zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, mu gihe utupira twa PMOS twishingikirizaga ku ngendo z'imyobo ifite ingufu nyinshi, byari buhoro cyane. CMOS yakoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruhererekane cyongera umuvuduko mu gihe cyo kuzigama ingufu. Ibyiza bya CMOS byari bitangaje cyane ku buryo inganda zahise zibona ko nubwo byasaba transistors inshuro ebyiri (NMOS na PMOS kuri buri gate), byari bikwiye.
Kubera iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor ryasobanuwe n’Itegeko rya Moore, ikiguzi cyo gukuba kabiri kwa transistor cyarashoboye gukemuka ndetse amaherezo kiba gito cyane. Ariko, ubwo Bell Labs yatangiraga iki gikorwa cy’imikino ifite ibyago byinshi, ikoranabuhanga rinini ryo gukora CMOS ntiryari ryemejwe kandi ikiguzi cyari hejuru cyane.
Ibi ntibyateye ubwoba Bell Labs. Iyi sosiyete yifashishije ubuhanga bw’ibigo byayo i Holmdel, Murray Hill, na Naperville, muri Illinois, maze ikusanya "itsinda ry’inzozi" ry’abahanga mu by’imiti ya semiconductor. Itsinda ryari rigizwe na Condrey, Steve Conn, icyamamare mu gushushanya chips, Victor Huang, undi muhanga mu gushushanya microprocessors, n’abakozi benshi bo muri AT&T Bell Labs. Batangiye kumenya uburyo bushya bwa CMOS mu 1978, bubaka microprocessor ya 32-bit kuva ku ntangiriro.
Tangira n'imiterere y'igishushanyo mbonera
Condrey yahoze ari umujyanama wa IEEE, nyuma aza kuba Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ikoranabuhanga muri Intel. Itsinda ry’ubwubatsi yayoboye ryiyemeje kubaka sisitemu isanzwe ishyigikira sisitemu y’imikorere ya Unix n’ururimi rwa C. Icyo gihe, Unix n’ururimi rwa C byombi byari bikiri bito, ariko byari biteganijwe ko bizaganza. Kugira ngo bashobore kurenga umupaka w’ububiko bw’amakilobyte (KB) icyo gihe, bashyizeho amabwiriza agoye yasabaga intambwe nke zo gushyira mu bikorwa kandi yashoboraga kurangiza imirimo mu gihe cy’isaha imwe.
Abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga kandi bakoze utumashini dukoresha VersaModule Eurocard (VME) parallel bus, dutuma habaho ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rikwirakwizwa mu buryo butandukanye kandi tugatuma utumashini twinshi dutunganya amakuru mu buryo butandukanye. Utumashini dukoresha VME na two dutuma dushobora gukoreshwa mu kugenzura amakuru mu buryo bwihuse.
Itsinda ryanditse verisiyo yaryo ya Unix kandi riyiha ubushobozi bwo gukora mu buryo bwihuse kugira ngo ihuze n’imikorere y’inganda n’ibindi bisa nayo. Injeniyeri za Bell Labs zavumbuye kandi domino logic, byongereye umuvuduko wo gutunganya ibintu binyuze mu kugabanya gutinda kw’amarembo y’ingirabuzimafatizo akomeye.
Ubundi buryo bwo gupima no kugenzura bwateguwe kandi bushyirwa mu bikorwa hifashishijwe module ya Bellmac-32, umushinga ugoye wo kugenzura no gusuzuma ukoresheje utumashini twinshi uyobowe na Jen-Hsun Huang wageze kuri zeru cyangwa hafi ya zeru mu gukora utumashini twinshi. Iki cyari ikizamini cya mbere ku isi cy’urusobe runini rw’ibikoresho (VLSI). Injeniyeri za Bell Labs zakoze gahunda ihamye, zigenzura kenshi akazi ka bagenzi babo, amaherezo zigera ku bufatanye busesuye mu miryango myinshi ya tumashini, birangira habayeho sisitemu yuzuye ya mudasobwa nto.
Hakurikiraho igice kigoye cyane: gukora chip nyayo.
“Muri icyo gihe, imiterere, igerageza, n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibintu byinshi byari bike cyane,” Kang, waje kuba perezida w’Ikigo cya Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) akaba n’umukozi wa IEEE, yibuka ati: “Muri icyo gihe, imiterere, igerageza, n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibintu byinshi byari bike cyane.” Avuga ko kubura ibikoresho bya CAD byo kugenzura imashini zose byatumye itsinda ricapa ibishushanyo binini bya Calcomp. Ibi byerekana uburyo transistors, insinga, n’imiyoboro bigomba gushyirwa muri chip kugira ngo bitange umusaruro wifuza. Itsinda ryabikusanyije hasi bakoresheje kaseti, bakora kare nini ishushanyijeho metero zirenga 6 ku ruhande. Kang na bagenzi be bashushanyije buri ruziga mu ikaramu y’amabara n’intoki, bashaka aho imiyoboro yacitse n’imiyoboro ihurira cyangwa idakoreshejwe neza.
Igishushanyo mbonera kimaze kurangira, itsinda ryahuye n'ikindi kibazo: inganda. Imashini zakorewe mu ruganda rwa Western Electric i Allentown, muri Pennsylvania, ariko Kang yibuka ko umusaruro (ijanisha ry'imashini zakoreshejwe ku ifuru yujuje ibisabwa n'ubuziranenge) ryari hasi cyane.
Kugira ngo bakemure ikibazo, Kang na bagenzi be bajyaga mu ruganda baturutse i New Jersey buri munsi, bazunguza amaboko yabo kandi bagakora ibishoboka byose, harimo no gukaraba hasi no gupima ibikoresho, kugira ngo bubake ubucuti no kumvisha abantu bose ko ikintu kigoye cyane uruganda rwigeze rugerageza gukora cyashoboraga gukorwa aho ngaho.
Kang yagize ati: “Ibikorwa byo kubaka ikipe byagenze neza. Nyuma y’amezi make, Western Electric yashoboye gukora chips nziza cyane ku bwinshi burenze ubwasabwaga.”
Verisiyo ya mbere ya Bellmac-32 yasohotse mu 1980, ariko ntiyageze ku byo yari yiteze. Ingano y’imikorere yayo yari 2 MHz gusa, ntabwo ari 4 MHz. Abahanga bavumbuye ko ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima Takeda Riken bakoreshaga icyo gihe byari bifite inenge, ingaruka z’umurongo wo kohereza amakuru hagati y’icyuma gipima n’umutwe w’ikizamini zatumye ibipimo bidakwiye. Bakoranye n’itsinda rya Takeda Riken kugira ngo bakore imbonerahamwe yo gukosora amakosa yo gupima.
Udupira twa Bellmac two mu gisekuru cya kabiri twari dufite umuvuduko w'isaha urenga 6.2 MHz, rimwe na rimwe ukagera kuri 9 MHz. Ibi byafatwaga nk'ibinyabiziga byihuta cyane icyo gihe. Poroserite ya Intel 8088 ya 16-bit IBM yasohoye muri mudasobwa yayo ya mbere mu 1981 yari ifite umuvuduko w'isaha wa 4.77 MHz gusa.
Impamvu Bellmac-32 itabikoze't kuba ikintu gisanzwe
Nubwo yari yarabisezeranyije, ikoranabuhanga rya Bellmac-32 ntiryagiye mu bucuruzi busesuye. Nk’uko Condrey abivuga, AT&T yatangiye kureba uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya NCR mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1980, nyuma ihindukirira kugura ibikoresho, bivuze ko isosiyete yahisemo gushyigikira ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibicuruzwa bya chip. Icyo gihe, ingaruka za Bellmac-32 zari zatangiye kwiyongera.
Condry yagize ati: “Mbere ya Bellmac-32, NMOS ni yo yari ifite ububasha ku isoko. Ariko CMOS yahinduye imiterere kuko byagaragaye ko ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuyishyira mu bikorwa mu buryo bwiza.”
Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, uku kuntu byaje guhinduka inganda za semiconductor. CMOS yabaye ishingiro rya microprocessors zigezweho, zigatera imbaraga impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga mu bikoresho nka mudasobwa zo ku biro na telefoni zigezweho.
Igerageza rya Bell Labs rikomeje—rikoresheje uburyo bwo gukora butaragenzuwe kandi rimaze igihe kinini mu bwubatsi bw’ibikoresho bya chip—ryari intambwe ikomeye mu mateka y’ikoranabuhanga.
Nkuko Porofeseri Kang abivuga: “Twari ku isonga mu byashobokaga. Ntitwari dukurikiza inzira yari isanzweho gusa, twari turimo gutangiza inzira nshya.” Porofeseri Huang, waje kuba umuyobozi wungirije w’Ikigo cya Singapuru cy’Ikoranabuhanga rya Microelectronics akaba na IEEE Fellow, yongeraho ati: “Ibi bitari birimo gusa imiterere n’igishushanyo mbonera cya chip, ahubwo byarimo no kugenzura chip nini - hakoreshejwe CAD ariko hatabayeho ibikoresho byo muri iki gihe byo kwigana ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ndetse n’amabati yo kubikamo (uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura imiterere ya circuit ya sisitemu y’ikoranabuhanga ikoresha chips mbere yuko ibice bya circuit bihuzwa burundu).”
Condry, Kang na Huang bazirikana icyo gihe banezerewe kandi bagaragaza ko bishimiye ubuhanga n'ubwitange bw'abakozi benshi ba AT&T bashyizeho imbaraga zabo kugira ngo umuryango wa Bellmac-32 chips ushoboke.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-19-2025