Kuza kwa chip byahinduye inzira yiterambere rya chip!
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70, abatunganya 8-bit bari bakiri tekinoroji yateye imbere muri kiriya gihe, kandi inzira ya CMOS yari ibangamiye umurima wa semiconductor. Ba injeniyeri muri AT&T Bell Labs bateye intambwe ishimishije mugihe kizaza, bahuza uburyo bugezweho bwa 3,5-micron ya CMOS yubukorikori hamwe nubuhanga bushya bwa 32-bitunganijwe mu rwego rwo gutsinda abanywanyi mu mikorere ya chip, barenze IBM na Intel.
Nubwo ibyo bahimbye, microprocessor ya Bellmac-32, yananiwe kugera ku ntsinzi y’ubucuruzi ku bicuruzwa byabanje nka Intel 4004 (yasohotse mu 1971), imbaraga zayo zari nyinshi. Muri iki gihe, chip ziri hafi ya terefone zose zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, na tableti zishingiye ku mahame yuzuzanya ya semiconductor (CMOS) yatangijwe na Bellmac-32.
1980 yari yegereje, kandi AT&T yagerageje kwihindura. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, igihangange mu itumanaho cyiswe "Mama Bell" cyari cyiganje mu bucuruzi bw’itumanaho ry’amajwi muri Amerika, kandi ishami ryacyo rya Western Electric ryakoraga terefone hafi ya zose zisanzwe mu ngo no mu biro by’Abanyamerika. Guverinoma ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yasabye guhagarika ubucuruzi bwa AT & T ku mpamvu zirwanya ruswa, ariko AT&T ibona umwanya wo kwinjira mu murima wa mudasobwa.
Hamwe namasosiyete ya mudasobwa yamaze gushingwa neza ku isoko, AT&T yasanze bigoye kuyifata; ingamba zayo kwari ugusimbuka, kandi Bellmac-32 yari ikibaho cyayo.
Umuryango wa Bellmac-32 chip wahawe igihembo cya IEEE Milestone. Uyu mwaka imihango yo kumurika izabera mu kigo cya Nokia Bell Labs mu kigo cya Murray Hill, muri Leta ya New Jersey, no mu nzu ndangamurage y’amateka ya mudasobwa i Mountain View, muri Californiya.
UMWANZURO UDASANZWE
Aho gukurikiza amahame yinganda za 8-biti, abayobozi ba AT&T bahamagariye abajenjeri ba Bell Labs gukora ibicuruzwa byimpinduramatwara: microprocessor yambere yubucuruzi ishoboye kohereza amakuru 32 yamakuru mugihe cyisaha imwe. Ibi ntibyasabye gusa chip nshya ahubwo byanasabye ubwubatsi bushya - bumwe bushobora gukemura itumanaho no gukora nkumugongo wa sisitemu yo kubara.
Michael Condry uyobora itsinda ry’ubwubatsi muri Bell Labs 'Holmdel, muri Leta ya New Jersey, yagize ati: "Ntabwo twubaka chip yihuta gusa." "Turimo kugerageza gukora chip ishobora gushyigikira amajwi no kubara."
Muri kiriya gihe, tekinoroji ya CMOS yabonwaga nkibisubizo bitanga icyizere ariko bishobora guteza akaga NMOS na PMOS. Chipo ya NMOS yishingikirizaga rwose kuri N-tristoriste yo mu bwoko bwa N, yihuta ariko ishonje imbaraga, mugihe chip ya PMOS yishingikirizaga ku mwobo wuzuye neza, watinze cyane. CMOS yakoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cyongera umuvuduko mugihe uzigama ingufu. Ibyiza bya CMOS byari bikomeye cyane kuburyo inganda zahise zimenya ko niyo bisaba tristoriste inshuro ebyiri (NMOS na PMOS kuri buri rembo), byari bikwiye.
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga rya semiconductor ryasobanuwe n amategeko ya Moore, ikiguzi cyo kwikuba kabiri tristoriste cyacunzwe kandi amaherezo nticyoroshye. Ariko, igihe Bell Labs yatangiraga gukina urusimbi rushobora guteza akaga, tekinoroji nini yo gukora inganda za CMOS ntabwo yari ifite gihamya kandi igiciro cyari kinini.
Ibi ntibyateye ubwoba Lab Labs. Isosiyete yifashishije ubuhanga bw’ibigo byayo i Holmdel, Murray Hill, na Naperville, muri Illinois, maze ikoranya "itsinda ry’inzozi" ry’abashakashatsi ba semiconductor. Muri iryo tsinda harimo Condrey, Steve Conn, inyenyeri izamuka mu gushushanya chip, Victor Huang, undi mushinga wa microprocessor, hamwe n’abakozi benshi bo muri AT&T Bell Labs. Batangiye kumenya uburyo bushya bwa CMOS mu 1978 bubaka microprocessor ya 32 bit.
Tangira ukoresheje igishushanyo mbonera
Condrey yahoze ari Mugenzi wa IEEE nyuma aza kuba umuyobozi mukuru wa Intel. Itsinda ryubwubatsi yayoboye ryiyemeje kubaka sisitemu ishyigikira kavukire ya sisitemu y'imikorere ya Unix nururimi C. Muri kiriya gihe, Unix n'ururimi C byombi byari bikiri mu ntangiriro, ariko byari bigenewe kuganza. Kugirango ucike kumurongo wibikoresho byagaciro cyane bya kilobytes (KB) muricyo gihe, batangije amabwiriza yingirakamaro asaba intambwe nke zo gukora kandi zishobora kurangiza imirimo mugihe cyisaha imwe.
Ba injeniyeri banateguye chip zishyigikira bisi ya parike ya VersaModule (VME) ibangikanye, itanga mudasobwa ikwirakwizwa kandi ikemerera imitwe myinshi gutunganya amakuru murwego rumwe. VME ihuza chip nayo ibafasha gukoreshwa mugihe nyacyo cyo kugenzura.
Itsinda ryanditse verisiyo ya Unix kandi riha ubushobozi-nyabwo kugirango habeho guhuza nogukora inganda hamwe nibisabwa bisa. Ba injeniyeri ba Bell Labs nabo bahimbye domino logic, yongereye umuvuduko wo gutunganya kugabanya gutinda kumarembo akomeye.
Ubundi buryo bwo gukora ibizamini no kugenzura bwateguwe kandi butangizwa hamwe na module ya Bellmac-32, umushinga utoroshye wo kugenzura no kugenzura ibiyobowe na Jen-Hsun Huang wageze ku nenge cyangwa hafi ya zeru mu gukora chip. Iyi yari iyambere kwisi yikigereranyo kinini kinini cyuzuzanya (VLSI). Ba injeniyeri ba Bell Labs bakoze gahunda ihamye, bagenzura inshuro nyinshi akazi ka bagenzi babo, hanyuma amaherezo bagera ku bufatanye butagira ingano mumiryango myinshi ya chip, bikarangirana na sisitemu ya microcomputer yuzuye.
Ibikurikira biza igice kitoroshye: gukora nyabyo bya chip.
Kang waje kuba perezida w'ikigo cy’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga cya Koreya (KAIST) akaba na mugenzi we wa IEEE, yibuka ati: “Muri icyo gihe, imiterere, ibizamini, ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga ritanga umusaruro mwinshi byari bike cyane. Avuga ko kubura ibikoresho bya CAD byo kugenzura chip byuzuye byatumye itsinda risohora ibishushanyo binini bya Calcomp. Ibishushanyo byerekana uburyo transistor, insinga, hamwe nu guhuza bigomba gutondekwa muri chip kugirango bitange umusaruro wifuza. Itsinda ryabateranije hasi hamwe na kaseti, bakora kare nini ishushanya metero zirenga 6 kuruhande. Kang na bagenzi be bashushanyije intoki buri muzunguruko mu ikaramu y'amabara, bashaka amasano yacitse no guhuzagurika cyangwa guhuza imiyoboro idakwiye.
Igishushanyo mbonera kimaze kurangira, itsinda ryahuye nikindi kibazo: gukora. Chip yakorewe mu ruganda rw’amashanyarazi rw’iburengerazuba i Allentown, muri Pennsylvania, ariko Kang yibutsa ko umusaruro (ijanisha rya chipi kuri wafer wujuje imikorere n’ubuziranenge) wari muke cyane.
Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Kang na bagenzi be batwaraga imodoka ku ruganda bava muri New Jersey buri munsi, bazunguza amaboko kandi bakora ibikenewe byose, birimo gukubura amagorofa n’ibikoresho byo kwipimisha, kugira ngo basabane kandi bumvishe abantu bose ko ibicuruzwa bigoye cyane uruganda rwigeze rugerageza kubyaza umusaruro rwose.
Kang yagize ati: "Gahunda yo kubaka amakipe yagenze neza." Ati: “Nyuma y'amezi make, Western Electric yashoboye gukora chip yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku bwinshi irenze icyifuzo.”
Verisiyo yambere ya Bellmac-32 yasohotse mu 1980, ariko ntiyabasha kugera kubyo byari byitezwe. Intego yibikorwa byayo inshuro 2 MHz gusa, ntabwo 4 MHz. Ba injeniyeri bavumbuye ko ibikoresho bigezweho bya Takeda Riken bakoreshaga icyo gihe bari bafite amakosa, ingaruka z’umurongo w’itumanaho hagati y’iperereza n’umuyobozi w’ikizamini zitera ibipimo bidakwiye. Bakoranye nitsinda rya Takeda Riken kugirango bategure imbonerahamwe yo gukosora amakosa yo gupima.
Igisekuru cya kabiri Bellmac chip yari ifite umuvuduko wamasaha urenga 6.2 MHz, rimwe na rimwe nka 9 MHz. Icyo gihe byafatwaga nkibyihuse cyane. 16-bit ya Intel 8088 itunganya IBM yasohoye muri PC yayo ya mbere mu 1981 yari ifite umuvuduko wamasaha 4.77 MHz.
Kuki Bellmac-32 atakoze't guhinduka inzira nyamukuru
Nubwo yasezeranije, ikoranabuhanga rya Bellmac-32 ntabwo ryamamaye cyane mu bucuruzi. Nk’uko byatangajwe na Condrey, AT&T yatangiye kureba uruganda rukora ibikoresho NCR mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 1980 nyuma ruza kugura ibintu, bivuze ko sosiyete yahisemo gushyigikira imirongo itandukanye y'ibicuruzwa. Icyo gihe, Bellmac-32 imbaraga zari zatangiye kwiyongera.
Condry yagize ati: "Mbere ya Bellmac-32, NMOS yiganje ku isoko." Ati: “Ariko CMOS yahinduye imiterere kuko byagaragaye ko aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa.”
Igihe kirenze, uku gutahura byahinduye inganda zikoresha igice. CMOS yaba ishingiro rya microprocessor igezweho, ikoresha impinduramatwara ya digitale mubikoresho nka mudasobwa ya desktop na terefone.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Bell Labs butinyutse-bukoresheje uburyo butageragejwe bwo gukora no kuzenguruka ibisekuruza byose byubatswe bwa chip - byari intambwe ikomeye mumateka yikoranabuhanga.
Nkuko Porofeseri Kang abivuga: "Twari ku isonga mu byashobokaga. Ntabwo twakurikiye inzira yari isanzweho, twatwitse inzira nshya." Porofeseri Huang, waje kuba umuyobozi wungirije w'ikigo cya Singapore cya Microelectronics ndetse akaba na Mugenzi wa IEEE, yongeyeho ati: "Ibi ntibyari bikubiyemo ubwubatsi bwa chip gusa ndetse no gushushanya, ahubwo byanagenzuwe na chip nini - ukoresheje CAD ariko udafite ibikoresho byifashishwa mu kwigana ibyuma bya digitale cyangwa n'ibibaho (uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura ibizunguruka bya sisitemu ya elegitoronike ukoresheje chip mbere yuko ibice by’umuzunguruko bihuzwa hamwe)."
Condry, Kang na Huang basubije amaso inyuma kuri kiriya gihe kandi bagaragaza ko bishimiye ubuhanga n'ubwitange bw'abakozi benshi ba AT&T imbaraga zabo zatumye umuryango wa chip wa Bellmac-32 bishoboka.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Gicurasi-19-2025