Inganda zikoresha amamodoka zirimo guhinduka
Vuba aha, itsinda ry’ubwubatsi bwa semiconductor ryaganiriye kuri chip nto, guhuza imvange, hamwe n’ibikoresho bishya hamwe na Michael Kelly, Visi Perezida wa chip nto ya Amkor no kwishyira hamwe kwa FCBGA. Abitabiriye ibiganiro kandi ni umushakashatsi wa ASE, William Chen, Umuyobozi mukuru wa Promex Industries, Dick Otte, na Sander Roosendaal, Umuyobozi wa R&D wa Synopsys Photonics Solutions. Hano hepfo hari ibice byakuwe muri iki kiganiro.
Kumyaka myinshi, iterambere ryimashini zitwara imodoka ntabwo ryafashe umwanya wambere muruganda. Ariko, hamwe no kuzamuka kwimodoka zamashanyarazi no guteza imbere sisitemu yiterambere rya infotainment, ibintu byahindutse cyane. Ni ibihe bibazo wabonye?
Kelly: ADAS yo mu rwego rwo hejuru (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) isaba abayitunganya bafite inzira ya nanometero 5 cyangwa ntoya kugirango barushanwe ku isoko. Umaze kwinjira muri 5-nanometero, ugomba gutekereza kubiciro bya wafer, biganisha ku gusuzuma witonze ibisubizo bito bito, kuko bigoye gukora chip nini murwego rwa 5-nanometero. Byongeye kandi, umusaruro ni muke, bivamo ibiciro byinshi cyane. Iyo ukorana na 5-nanometero cyangwa byinshi byateye imbere, abakiriya mubisanzwe batekereza guhitamo igice cya chip ya nanometero 5 aho gukoresha chip yose, mugihe bongera ishoramari murwego rwo gupakira. Bashobora gutekereza bati: "Byaba ari uburyo buhendutse bwo kugera kubikorwa bisabwa muri ubu buryo, aho kugerageza kurangiza imirimo yose muri chip nini?" Nibyo, yego, ibigo byimodoka zo murwego rwohejuru rwose byitondera tekinoroji ntoya. Ibigo bikomeye mu nganda birakurikiranira hafi ibi. Ugereranije n'umwanya wo kubara, inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zishobora kuba ziri inyuma yimyaka 2 kugeza kuri 4 mugukoresha tekinoroji ntoya, ariko inzira yo kuyikoresha murwego rwimodoka irasobanutse. Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zifite ibyangombwa bisabwa cyane byo kwizerwa, bityo rero kwizerwa kwikoranabuhanga rito rya chip rigomba kugaragara. Nyamara, nini-nini yo gukoresha tekinoroji ntoya ya chip murwego rwimodoka rwose iri munzira.
Chen: Sinigeze mbona inzitizi zikomeye. Ndibwira ko birenze gukenera kwiga no gusobanukirwa ibyangombwa bisabwa byimbitse. Ibi bisubira kurwego rwa metero. Nigute dushobora gukora paki zujuje ubuziranenge bwimodoka? Ariko ntagushidikanya ko tekinoroji ijyanye nayo igenda itera imbere.
Urebye ibibazo byinshi byubushyuhe nibibazo bifitanye isano nibice byinshi bipfa, hazabaho imyirondoro mishya yikizamini cyangwa ubwoko butandukanye bwibizamini? Ibipimo bya JEDEC biriho birashobora gukurikiza sisitemu ihuriweho?
Chen: Nizera ko dukeneye gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo gusuzuma kugirango tumenye neza inkomoko yo gutsindwa. Twaganiriye ku guhuza metrologiya no kwisuzumisha, kandi dufite inshingano zo kumenya uburyo bwo kubaka paki nyinshi zikomeye, gukoresha ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge hamwe nibikorwa, no kubyemeza.
Kelly: Muri iki gihe, turimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku bakiriya, hari ibyo bize mu igeragezwa ryo ku rwego rwa sisitemu, cyane cyane ibizamini by’ingaruka z’ubushyuhe mu bizamini byubuyobozi bukora, bitagaragara mu kizamini cya JEDEC. Igeragezwa rya JEDEC ni igeragezwa rya isothermal gusa, ririmo "kuzamuka k'ubushyuhe, kugwa, no guhinduka k'ubushyuhe." Nyamara, gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe mubipaki bifatika ni kure yibibera kwisi. Abakiriya benshi kandi benshi bifuza gukora ibizamini byo murwego rwa sisitemu hakiri kare kuko bumva iki kibazo, nubwo atari bose babizi. Tekinoroji yo kwigana nayo igira uruhare hano. Niba umuntu afite ubuhanga bwo kwigana ubushyuhe bwa mashini, gusesengura ibibazo biroroha kuko bazi ibintu ugomba kwibandaho mugihe cyo kwipimisha. Sisitemu yo murwego rwo kugerageza no kwigana tekinoroji iruzuzanya. Nyamara, iyi nzira iracyari mubyiciro byayo byambere.
Hariho ibibazo byinshi byubushyuhe byakemurwa kuri tekinoroji ikuze kuruta mubihe byashize?
Otte: Yego, ariko mumyaka ibiri ishize, ibibazo bya coplanarite byagaragaye cyane. Turabona inkingi z'umuringa 5.000 kugeza 10,000, kuri chip, hagati ya micron 50 na micron 127 zitandukanye. Niba usuzumye neza amakuru ajyanye, uzasanga gushyira izi nkingi z'umuringa kuri substrate no gukora ubushyuhe, gukonjesha, no kugurisha ibicuruzwa bisaba kugera ku gice kimwe mubihumbi ijana bya coplanarity. Igice kimwe mubihumbi ijana byuzuye ni nko kubona icyatsi kibisi muburebure bwumupira wamaguru. Twaguze ibikoresho bimwe-bimwe byingenzi bya Keyence ibikoresho byo gupima uburinganire bwa chip na substrate. Birumvikana ko ikibazo gikurikiraho nuburyo bwo kugenzura iki kibazo cyintambara mugihe cyo kugurisha ibintu? Iki nikibazo gikomeye kigomba gukemurwa.
Chen: Ndibuka ibiganiro byerekeranye na Ponte Vecchio, aho bakoresheje kugurisha ubushyuhe buke kugirango batekereze aho guterana.
Urebye ko imirongo yose iri hafi igifite ibibazo byubushyuhe, nigute fotonike yakwinjizwa muribi?
Roosendaal: Kwigana ubushyuhe bigomba gukorwa mubice byose, kandi gukuramo inshuro nyinshi nabyo birakenewe kuko ibimenyetso byinjira nibimenyetso byinshyi. Kubwibyo, ibibazo nkibihuza impedance hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bigomba gukemurwa. Hashobora kubaho ubushyuhe bugaragara, bushobora kubaho mu rupfu ubwabwo cyangwa hagati y'ibyo twita "E" bipfa (gupfa amashanyarazi) na "P" bipfa (foton ipfa). Mfite amatsiko niba dukeneye gucengera cyane mubiranga ubushyuhe bwumuti.
Ibi bizamura ibiganiro kubyerekeye guhuza ibikoresho, guhitamo kwabo, no gutuza mugihe. Biragaragara ko tekinoroji yo guhuza imvange yakoreshejwe kwisi, ariko itarakoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi. Ubu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga bumeze bute?
Kelly: Amashyaka yose murwego rwo gutanga isoko yitondera tekinoroji ya Hybrid. Kugeza ubu, iryo koranabuhanga riyobowe ahanini n’ibishingwe, ariko OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test) nayo yiga byimazeyo ibyifuzo byubucuruzi. Ibikoresho bya classique y'umuringa bivangwa na dielectric bihuza ibyakozwe igihe kirekire. Niba isuku ishobora kugenzurwa, iyi nzira irashobora kubyara ibintu bikomeye. Ariko, ifite isuku ihanitse cyane isuku, kandi ibikoresho byigishoro ni byinshi cyane. Twabonye uburyo bwo kugerageza hakiri kare kumurongo wibicuruzwa bya Ryzen AMD, aho SRAM hafi ya yose yakoresheje tekinoroji yo guhuza imiringa. Ariko, sinigeze mbona abandi bakiriya benshi bakoresha ikoranabuhanga. Nubwo iri ku ikarita y’ikoranabuhanga y’amasosiyete menshi, birasa nkaho bizatwara indi myaka mike kugirango ibikoresho bijyanye nabyo byuzuze ibisabwa byigenga. Niba ishobora gukoreshwa mubidukikije byuruganda rufite isuku nkeya ugereranije na wafer isanzwe, kandi niba ikiguzi gito gishobora kugerwaho, birashoboka ko iri koranabuhanga rizitabwaho cyane.
Chen: Nkurikije imibare yanjye, byibuze impapuro 37 zerekeye guhuza imvange zizerekanwa mu nama ya 2024 ECTC. Ninzira isaba ubuhanga bwinshi kandi ikubiyemo ibikorwa byinshi byiza mugihe cyo guterana. Iri koranabuhanga rero rizabona rwose gukoreshwa. Hariho ibibazo bimwe byo gusaba, ariko mugihe kizaza, bizagenda bigaragara cyane mubice bitandukanye.
Iyo uvuze "ibikorwa byiza," uba ushaka kuvuga ko hakenewe ishoramari rikomeye ryamafaranga?
Chen: Birumvikana ko ikubiyemo igihe n'ubuhanga. Gukora iki gikorwa bisaba ibidukikije bisukuye cyane, bisaba ishoramari ryamafaranga. Irasaba kandi ibikoresho bifitanye isano, bisaba inkunga. Ibi rero ntibikubiyemo ibiciro byakazi gusa ahubwo binashora imari mubikoresho.
Kelly: Mugihe gifite intera ya microne 15 cyangwa irenga, hari inyungu zikomeye zo gukoresha tekinoroji yumuringa wafer-to-wafer. Byiza cyane, wafer iraringaniye, kandi ingano ya chip ntabwo ari nini cyane, itanga uburyo bwo kugarura ubuziranenge kuri bimwe muribi. Mugihe ibi bitanga imbogamizi, ntabwo bihenze cyane kuruta kwiyemeza gukoresha tekinoroji ya Hybrid. Ariko, niba ibisabwa bisobanutse ari microne 10 cyangwa munsi, ibintu birahinduka. Amasosiyete akoresha tekinoroji ya chip stacking azagera kuri micron yumwanya umwe, nka micron 4 cyangwa 5, kandi ntayindi nzira. Kubwibyo, tekinoroji ijyanye nayo byanze bikunze izatera imbere. Nyamara, tekinoroji iriho nayo ihora itera imbere. Ubu rero turibanda ku mbibi inkingi z'umuringa zishobora kwaguka no kumenya niba iryo koranabuhanga rizamara igihe kinini ku bakiriya batinda gushora imari yose hamwe n’ishoramari ry’iterambere mu ishoramari ry’ikoranabuhanga rihuza imiringa.
Chen: Tuzakoresha gusa tekinoroji ijyanye nibisabwa.
Hariho ibintu byinshi bishya mubikorwa bya epoxy molding compound field?
Kelly: Ibikoresho byo kubumba byahindutse cyane. CTE yabo (coefficente yo kwagura amashyuza) yagabanutse cyane, bituma irushaho kuba nziza kubisabwa bijyanye nigitutu.
Otte: Tugarutse kubiganiro byabanjirije iki, ni bangahe chip ya semiconductor ikorwa hamwe na micron ya 1 cyangwa 2?
Kelly: Umubare munini.
Chen: Birashoboka ko munsi ya 1%.
Otte: Rero tekinoloji turimo kuganira ntabwo ari rusange. Ntabwo ari mubyiciro byubushakashatsi, kuko ibigo bikomeye bikoresha ubu buryo bwikoranabuhanga, ariko birazimvye kandi bifite umusaruro muke.
Kelly: Ibi bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo kubara cyane. Muri iki gihe, ntabwo ikoreshwa mu bigo byamakuru gusa ahubwo ikoreshwa no muri PC zo mu rwego rwo hejuru ndetse no mu bikoresho bimwe na bimwe. Nubwo ibyo bikoresho ari bito, biracyafite imikorere yo hejuru. Ariko, murwego rwagutse rwibikorwa na CMOS, igipimo cyacyo gikomeza kuba gito. Kubakora chip zisanzwe, nta mpamvu yo gukoresha ubwo buhanga.
Otte: Niyo mpamvu bitangaje kubona iri koranabuhanga ryinjira mu nganda z’imodoka. Imodoka ntizikeneye chip kugirango zibe nto cyane. Bashobora kuguma kuri nanometero 20 cyangwa 40, kuko ikiguzi kuri transistor muri semiconductor kiri hasi muriki gikorwa.
Kelly: Ariko, ibisabwa kubara kuri ADAS cyangwa gutwara ibinyabiziga byigenga ni kimwe nibisabwa kuri PC PC cyangwa ibikoresho bisa. Kubwibyo, inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zikeneye gushora imari muri ubwo buhanga bugezweho.
Niba ibicuruzwa bizenguruka imyaka itanu, gukoresha tekinolojiya mishya bishobora kongera inyungu indi myaka itanu?
Kelly: Iyo ni ingingo yumvikana cyane. Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zifite indi mpande. Tekereza ibintu byoroshye bya servo cyangwa ibikoresho byoroshye bigereranya bimaze imyaka 20 bibaho kandi bihendutse cyane. Bakoresha utubuto duto. Abantu mu nganda zimodoka barashaka gukomeza gukoresha ibyo bicuruzwa. Bashaka gusa gushora mubikoresho byo murwego rwohejuru cyane byo kubara hamwe na chip ntoya kandi birashoboka ko babihuza hamwe na chip yo kugiciro gito, flash memory, hamwe na chip ya RF. Kuri bo, moderi ntoya ya chip irumvikana cyane kuko irashobora kugumana byinshi bidahenze, bihamye, ibice byabakera. Ntibashaka guhindura ibi bice cyangwa ntibikenewe. Noneho, bakeneye gusa kongeramo amaherezo-5-nanometero cyangwa 3-nanometero ntoya kugirango basohoze imirimo yigice cya ADAS. Mubyukuri, barimo gukoresha ubwoko butandukanye bwa chipi mugicuruzwa kimwe. Bitandukanye na PC hamwe na comptabilite, inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zifite uburyo butandukanye bwa porogaramu.
Chen: Byongeye kandi, izo chip ntizigomba gushyirwaho kuruhande rwa moteri, bityo ibidukikije bikaba byiza cyane.
Kelly: Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije mumodoka buri hejuru cyane. Kubwibyo, niyo imbaraga za chip zidakabije cyane, inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zigomba gushora amafaranga mubisubizo byiza byo gucunga neza ubushyuhe ndetse birashobora no gutekereza gukoresha indium TIM (ibikoresho bya interineti yubushyuhe) kuko ibidukikije birakabije.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-28-2025