Bifata intambwe eshatu kugirango uhuze inzovu muri firigo. Nigute ushobora guhuza ikirundo cyumucanga muri mudasobwa?
Birumvikana ko ibyo tuvuga hano ntabwo ari umucanga uri ku mucanga, ahubwo ni umucanga mbisi wakoreshwaga mu gukora chip. "Gucukura umucanga kugirango ukore chip" bisaba inzira igoye.
Intambwe ya 1: Shaka ibikoresho bibisi
Birakenewe guhitamo umucanga ukwiye nkibikoresho fatizo. Igice kinini cyumucanga usanzwe na dioxyde ya silicon (SiO₂), ariko gukora chip bifite ibisabwa cyane mubuziranenge bwa dioxyde de silicon. Kubwibyo, umucanga wa quartz ufite ubuziranenge bwinshi hamwe n’umwanda muke byatoranijwe.
Intambwe ya 2: Guhindura ibikoresho fatizo
Gukuramo silikoni ultra-yera kumucanga, umucanga ugomba kuvangwa nifu ya magnesium, ugashyuha mubushyuhe bwinshi, na dioxyde de silicon igabanuka kuri silikoni yuzuye binyuze mumiti igabanya imiti. Ihita isukurwa hifashishijwe ubundi buryo bwa chimique kugirango ibone silikoni yo mu rwego rwa elegitoronike ifite ubuziranenge bugera kuri 99.9999999%.
Ibikurikira, silikoni yo mu rwego rwa elegitoronike igomba gukorwa muri silikoni imwe ya kirisiti kugirango hamenyekane ubusugire bwimiterere ya kristu. Ibi bikorwa mugushyushya silikoni-isukuye cyane kumashanyarazi, gushiramo imbuto ya kirisiti, hanyuma ikazunguruka buhoro buhoro ikayikurura kugirango ikore silindrike imwe ya kirisiti ya silicon ingot.
Kurangiza, ingoti imwe ya kirisiti ya silicon yaciwe mo waferi yoroheje cyane ukoresheje insinga ya diyama hanyuma waferi irasukurwa kugirango habeho ubuso butagira inenge.
Intambwe ya 3: Uburyo bwo gukora
Silicon nikintu cyingenzi kigizwe na mudasobwa. Abatekinisiye bakoresha ibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse nka mashini ya Photolithography kugirango bakore inshuro nyinshi fotolithographie hamwe nintambwe zo guteramo kugirango bagire ibice byumuzunguruko nibikoresho kuri wafer ya silicon, kimwe no "kubaka inzu." Buri wafer ya silicon irashobora kwakira amagana cyangwa ibihumbi.
Fab noneho yohereza wafer yarangiye muruganda rwabanje gutunganyirizwa, aho diyama yabonaga igabanya wafer ya silicon mubice ibihumbi bine byurukiramende rufite ubunini bwurutoki, buri kimwekimwe ni chip. Hanyuma, imashini itondekanya ihitamo chip yujuje ibyangombwa, hanyuma indi mashini iyishyira kuri reel ikohereza mubipakira no gupima.
Intambwe ya 4: Gupakira bwa nyuma
Mubikoresho byo gupakira no gupima, abatekinisiye bakora ibizamini byanyuma kuri buri chip kugirango barebe ko bakora neza kandi biteguye gukoreshwa. Niba chip yatsinze ikizamini, zishyirwa hagati yubushyuhe na substrate kugirango zikore paki yuzuye. Ibi ni nko gushyira "ikoti ririnda" kuri chip; paki yo hanze irinda chip kwangirika, gushyuha, no kwanduza. Imbere muri mudasobwa, iyi paki ikora amashanyarazi hagati ya chip ninama yumuzunguruko.
Nkibyo, ubwoko bwibicuruzwa byose bitwara isi yikoranabuhanga birarangiye!
INTEL N'UBUYOBOZI
Uyu munsi, guhindura ibikoresho fatizo mubintu byingirakamaro cyangwa bifite agaciro binyuze mubikorwa ninganda zikomeye zubukungu bwisi. Gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi bifite ibikoresho bike cyangwa amasaha make yumuntu no kunoza imikorere yakazi birashobora kongera agaciro kubicuruzwa. Mugihe ibigo bitanga ibicuruzwa byinshi kumuvuduko wihuse, inyungu murwego rwubucuruzi rwiyongera.
Gukora ni ishingiro rya Intel.
Intel ikora ibyuma bya semiconductor, imashini ishushanya, chipboard ya kibaho, nibindi bikoresho byo kubara. Mugihe inganda za semiconductor zigenda ziba ingorabahizi, Intel nimwe mumasosiyete make kwisi ashobora kuzuza ibishushanyo mbonera ndetse no gukora murugo.
Kuva mu 1968, abashakashatsi ba Intel n'abahanga mu bya siyansi batsinze imbogamizi z'umubiri zo gupakira transistor nyinshi kandi nyinshi muri chip nto kandi nto. Kugera kuri iyi ntego bisaba itsinda rinini ku isi, ibikorwa remezo bigezweho, hamwe n’ibidukikije bikomeye.
Intel ya semiconductor ikora ikoranabuhanga rihinduka buri myaka mike. Nkuko byahanuwe n amategeko ya Moore, buri gisekuru cyibicuruzwa bizana ibintu byinshi nibikorwa byinshi, bitezimbere ingufu, kandi bigabanya ikiguzi cya transistor imwe. Intel ifite ibikoresho byinshi byo gukora no gupakira ibikoresho byo gupima kwisi yose, ikorera mumurongo woroshye cyane.
GUKORESHA N'UBUZIMA BWA MUNSI
Gukora ni ngombwa mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Ibintu dukoraho, twishingikiriza, twishimira kandi dukoresha burimunsi bisaba gukora.
Muri make, udahinduye ibikoresho bibisi mubintu bigoye, ntihari kubaho ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho, ibinyabiziga, nibindi bicuruzwa bituma ubuzima bukora neza, butekanye, kandi bworoshye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-03-2025